The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 was a law that was basically set to restore the impact of Title IX. It stated that if you were getting federally funded for a program, you had to follow all the Civil Rights Laws, not just the ones for that specific program.
"Protects individuals from discrimination based on sex in any educational program or activity operated by recipients of federal financial assistance"
Title IX is a federal law that gives girls the same right to compete and play as boys. In other words, it makes discriminating against students because of their sex illegal. Title IX has been working to make sure that women are treated fairly in all school athletic programs, however this program only covers any educational institutions that are federally funded. They are still working to improve all sex discrimination in sports for women, and will continue to fight for women to gain these rights. "Requires employers to provide reasonable break time and a place for nursing mothers to express breast milk for one year after the child’s birth."
This law states that employers have to give a place and time for their employees to breastfeed during work, and this place must be somewhere other than a bathroom. This law is required until the employee's baby turns one year old. "Plaintiffs in Title IX lawsuits are entitled to punitive damages in addition to corrective measures when institutions intentionally try to avoid Title IX compliance."
Christine Franklin is a high school student who was sexually harassed by a teacher and sports coach. When her school didn't do anything about it, she brought a suit which was dismissed when the teacher resigned. Her suit was dismissed because she cannot sue for any money damages or other relief since she and the teacher are no longer at the school. However, with Title IX, money damages could have been available. "Institutions can continue to receive federal funding, even if programs within the institutions that do not receive federal funds discriminate on the basis of sex."
In this supreme court case, Title IX was limited in a sense that only particular programs that receive federal funds at school had to treat men and women equally as opposed to treating the school as a whole, and not all athletic departments were covered. In order to fully restore the effectiveness of Title IX, the "Civil Rights Restoration Act" was passed by Congress four years later. This act stated that if you were receiving federal funding, you had to follow all Civil Rights Laws, not just the ones that are for the particular program that is being funded. "The court rules that a high school athletic association is a "state actor" and thus subject to Title IX regulations".
This is a court case that involves discrimination in high school sports. They were disputing whether or not the athletic associations are state actors, meaning someone who acts on behalf of a body of government. |
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